What is the hardest language to learn?
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There are over 7,100 spoken languages in the world, according to Ethnologue. While it’s hard to count an accurate number of bilingual speakers in the United States, there are over 63 million people who speak more than one language.
Whether you want to brush up on a forgotten language or start a path to learn about other cultures and customs, there are many factors involved in learning a new language.
What is the hardest language to learn?
Across multiple sources, Mandarin Chinese is the number one language listed as the most challenging to learn. The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center puts Mandarin in Category IV, which is the list of the most difficult languages to learn for English speakers. The languages in that list have 64-week long language courses.
One reason Mandarin is seen as the most challenging language to learn is because its writing system uses characters that might be difficult to grasp for those accustomed to writing with the Latin alphabet, Babbel says. While there are over 100,000 characters in Chinese according to the Chinese Learning Institute, you only need to know around 3,000 to become fluent.
Babbel also says Mandarin is hard to learn because it is a tonal language. A tonal language is where “a word’s meaning has to be affected by the tone.” An example of this in English that Babbel cites is using a higher pitch at the end of a phrase to indicate it’s a question. While English and other languages use tones, it does not automatically make them tonal languages.
How many tones are in Mandarin?
According to FluentU, Mandarin has five tones: the first tone (flat tone), second tone (rising tone), third tone (dip tone), fourth tone (falling tone) and fifth tone (neutral tone).
FluentU includes the neutral tone in its list, where there is no variation in pitch. Whether the neutral tone is even a tone is debated.
According to Berlitz, English is the most spoken language in the entire world, with 1.132 billion speakers globally; 379 million people are native English speakers. Mandarin comes in second with 1.117 billion speakers, with 918 million native speakers.
If you’re learning a new language to prepare for a vacation, the scope of what “knowing” means to you is smaller than someone who is learning because they have a new full-time job abroad, Blanco said. She said to prioritize staying on track with personal goals instead of being put off by learning a hard language.
When learning a new language, we usually transfer what we know from our first language to our second, third, and so on, Blanco said. This includes hand gestures, body language, sounds, cultural norms and more.
Maybe you’re great at speaking Spanish, but when it comes to writing or reading, those aspects are harder for you. For someone used to writing with the Latin alphabet, a language that uses a different writing system could make grasping a new language more difficult, Blanco said. Every part of language learning isn't 100% easy or 100% hard.
Someone who lives in Seoul may have an easier time learning Korean because of their environment, Blanco says, even though another language might technically be easier to learn.